Practical Importance Of Reflection Nursing Essay

Practical Importance Of Reflection Nursing Essay Wong described reflection on action to take place at various levels, ranging from the superficial level to the critical reflective analysis level. Boyd and Fales described reflection on action to focus more on self-development in terms of knowledge and values. They then explained their premise by stating that an individual doesnt necessarily see more through reflection, but views issues from different perspectives. Reflection on previous experiences is a necessary skill because a student can utilize it to develop greater insight as a medical practitioner. The method of past reflection involves the evaluation of previous choices and views, which is exemplified in Gibbs five step reflective cycle (1988). This series of steps investigates the individuals thought processes and how they can be altered to improve judgement and understanding in clinical practice. Kolb (1984) stated that through the reflection or relearning of experiences a practitioner can gain an increased level of underst anding and proficiency in that particular area. Self-reflection additionally refines personal views and behaviour by contemplating values and attitudes. In medical trainees, values and attitudes are heavily influenced by a process of socialization  resulting from a group or cultural dynamic (Branch, 2005). Understanding and empathising with a patient can vary according to differing cultural backgrounds and the socio-economic class, so continual interaction and reflection can help prepare an undergraduate medical student for the confronting world which follows graduation. Branch (2005) continues to explain that reflection in the form of writing, aids in the progression and augmentation of emotional experiences involving life and death. To have past thoughts and views recorded in text is important in defining personal development throughout the undergraduate period and into professional life. Undergraduate medical students and medical practitioners are placed in very emotionally and physically demanding situations such as critical care and lengthy surgery. Reflective writing helps as a form of stress control and expressing ones self and allows the release of some of the mental burdens. Reassessing personal ability to identify strengths and weaknesses, and use them for personal improvement, is a key benefit of the self-reflective process. Epstein and Hundert (2002) found that after determining the exact strengths and weaknesses, a learning plan could be implemented to enhance learning and maximise efficiency. With the abundance of knowledge to be acquired in the undergraduate medical course, any approach to studying which is beneficial to the student must be considered and integrated in the study plan. Reflecting in the present Greenwood (1993) defined reflection in action as process in which people use their experience and judgement to analyse what they are doing whilst they are doing it. To step back and critically examine ones responses to what is happening can provide a student with a much wider and clearer view of the situation. The consequent decision making process can be better considered and much more impersonal, allowing the undergraduate student to make more refined judgements in medical practice. It involves reflection before and during action, a process which can be applied by the student in a wide range of situations during the undergraduate period and throughout a future career in medicine. Eva and Regehr (2005) highlighted the point that reflection in practice is a substantially more important mechanism for ensuring safe and effective performance. As reflection in action is required for continued professional development and general safety, the process of reflection gives the student a heightened mental awareness of the context of action. When faced with difficult ethical and administrative decisions relating to medication or surgery, a slight falter in mental awareness at the wrong time can cause disastrous results for the student/professional practitioner and the patient. Maintenance of the students mental health is also an important part of reflection in action, as compounding stresses can lead to physical exhaustion and mental instability. Beonink (2004) pointed out the correlation between student fatigue and reflective ability when he conducted his study of 195 fourth year medical students. Practical importance of reflection Reflection can be used to analyse educational or emotional experiences and process them in such a way that a medical student can effectively learn from that experience. Branch and Paranjape (2002) stated that if reflection is undertaken by an undergraduate student, then it can promote growth morally, personally, psychologically, and emotionally as well as cognitively. Psychological development in the student influences both values and attitudes towards many controversial medical issues such as cloning, stem cell research, tissue transplantation and surrogate motherhood. For example, the reflective process can assist the undergraduate students understanding and ability to remain unbiased when a patient insists on refusing a treatment because of personal or religious commitments. The approach towards learning is also assisted through the cognitive development of the student. A study conducted by Mamede and Schmidt (2005) highlighted the current pattern within health professionals in which the use of reflective practice decreased with years of medical practice. Possible explanations for this may be the more experienced health professionals using reflection solely on new or complex problems. An individual gains more experience by encountering familiar problems regularly, but when the reasoning and mindset becomes too automatic and habitual, a momentary lapse of judgement could lead to a disastrous situation. Regular use of reflective practice increases awareness for patient centred care. But it should also be noted that Teamwork is a fundamental part of modern medicine and reflective practice plays an important role within the foundations of teamwork. Branch (2005) suggests that reflection within a team does not only benefit the individual but the entire group. The team as a whole can improve in efficiency, communication, provide support for one another and help define team direction in terms of patient care. Reflective group work is also involved in the discussion and feedback from mentors and staff. As they have more experience than an undergraduate student, experienced practitioners can share stories and anecdotes which are valuable to the inexperienced undergraduate students. Group reflection is also relevant beyond the undergraduate medical course because of the network of teams which function together in all health professions. The evolving definition of reflective practice, and its increasing significance, are changing the way in which undergraduates and health professionals are required to approach and learn about medical practice. Kanthan and Senger (2011) found that reflective practice is becoming mandatory in many of the licensing and re-validation processes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Therefore, it is imperative that early and repetitive practice to acquire competency in this skill is explicitly included in the curriculum in the early years of undergraduate medical education. Personal portfolio writing and other reflective tasks have become a necessity for undergraduate students in medical schools and centres across the world, in the hope that an era of reflective health practitioners can be created. Potential disadvantages of reflection For some personalities, reflective practice can also have negative consequences. Bound and Walker (1998) noted that reflection on action is a very thought driven process and may sometimes be confusing if an undergraduate student reflects without learning from the experience or reflects without the correct thought processes. Internal conflict can also result because of clashing personal values and beliefs. Students may lose sight of the true aim of reflective practice and its benefits. It becomes a mindless and boring encumbrance in which students use a progressive checklist to overcome reflection as an obstacle, rather than addressing the significant personal concerns and questions. Time is a constraining factor in the education of an undergraduate medical student, and the various areas which require reflection are relatively time consuming. If reflection is not used effectively or within the correct context in action and on action, then it is unnecessarily consuming valuable time wh ich could be better spent on studying or for patient care. Reflective practice involves and brings together many aspects of the undergraduate medical course and beyond in future professional life. The research quoted above indicates that, when used correctly, reflective practice gives an undergraduate student the tools required to become a skilled reflective medical practitioner. The possible disadvantages of reflection seem insignificant when compared to the bigger picture of all the positive effects. In summation, reflective practice is an important attribute because it allows an undergraduate medical student to make better informed decisions, learn from his/her own mistakes and from the previous experience of others, and maintain good physical and mental health.

Sigmund Freud, the Psychopathology of Everyday Life

SIGMUND FREUD: THE PSYCHOPATHOLOGY OF EVERYDAY LIFE MIEISHA MARSHALL DECEMBER 1, 2012 HISTORY AND SYSTEMS DR. WAYNE PONIWEZ UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS AT MONTICELLO SIGMUND FREUD: THE PSYCHOPATHOLOGY OF EVERYDAY LIFE Psychopathology of everyday life (1901) is one of the key studies of the outstanding Austrian scientist Sigmund Freud, who laid the basis for the theory of psychoanalysis, along with The Interpretation of Dreams (1900), Introduction to Psychoanalysis (1910) and Ego and the Id (1923).This little book became one of the scientific classics of the 20th century and it is very important not only for psychopathology, but also for modern linguistics, semantics and philosophy. The most trivial slips of the tongue or pen, Freud believed, can reveal our secret ambitions, worries, and fantasies. The Psychopathology of Everyday Life ranks among his most enjoyable works.Starting with the story of how he once forgot the name of an Italian painter-and how a young acquaintance mangled a quot ation from Virgil through fears that his girlfriend might be pregnant-it brings together a treasure trove of muddled memories, inadvertent actions, and verbal tangles. Amusing, moving, and deeply revealing of the repressed, hypocritical Viennese society of his day, Freud's dazzling interpretations provide the perfect introduction to psychoanalytic thinking in action.According to Freud, our daily lives teem with unwitting expressions of the wishes and ideas we try to keep hidden. These suppressed notions elude our conscious control and take the form of slips of the tongue, jokes, and seemingly accidental gestures. In this classic of psychology, Freud explores the phenomenon of parapraxis – slips of the tongue commonly known as Freudian slips, acts of forgetfulness, misinterpretations, and ‘accidents'.These simple and apparently trivial events, he explains, can possess deeper meanings with subconscious motivations – meanings that can be revealed by analysis and can ultimately offer a clearer perception of the self. The Psychopathology of Everyday Life is the inventory of what goes on when nothing much is going on, or of what we do when we think we know what we are doing. I. Forgetting Proper Names Freud used his own self to do an observation on the inability to remembering proper names to psychological analysis.The basis of Freud’s argument is that in psychological terms this displacement is not merely arbitrary, but follows regular and predictable paths, in other words, Freud assume that the substitute name or names will relate to the name sought in a way that can be traced, and he hope that if he can succeed in proving this relationship he shall also cast some light on the process which makes us forget names (Freud, p 6).

What Is Critical Literacy Free Essay Example, 1000 words

It is paramount to examine texts, like magazine articles, films, novels, short stories etc from a point that challenges societal beliefs and values. In the classroom critical literacy is mostly used while reading textbooks which will aid adolescents to be able to reason critically. The books so used by the teachers should be able to present trustworthy voices and their themes should focus on such issues as class, gender, prejudice and tolerance so that when students participate in critical literacy, they will be active, strategic and open-minded learners capable of analysing text from a critical point of view(Edward, 2006). Critical literacy is also oftenly used in the classroom in the form of debates and this aids learners in developing critical reasoning skills and constructing critical literacy. Through well-constructed debates students will be able to clarify, illustrate, practice and assist them reflect on various themes. Students can examine those whose knowledge has been priv ileged in the texts with an aim of de-constructing the message for those particular meanings. As readers also, students should evaluate social construction in a text and interrogate the factors that might have influenced the writer to create the wordings in a particular manner. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is Critical Literacy or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Moreover by using critical literacy, students are encouraged by teachers to view texts from other ways and re-creating them from a standpoint of the marginalized groups so as to analyze social inequities and power relations that have been fostered in the texts. There are various strategies that can be applied in engaging students in critical literacy include utilization of anticipatory activities which include setting of a purpose for reading and students asked questions to enable use their previous knowledge on the matter. This can also be carried out by the teacher reading the text aloud and engaging students in small teams to participate in shared readings. The second strategy involves the teacher asking student questions pertaining identification of key ideas with details that are supportive from the expository texts that were presented on their books such as those of geography. There are a lot of activities that students engage in around critical literacy. Behrman Edward revealed that the commonly used methods that support this phenomenon in practice includes: reading of supplementary texts, reading of several texts, learning from a perspective that is resistant, production of counter-texts and instructing students to conduct research on personal interest topics and social action for challenging students (Edward, 2006). For the purposes of this paper we shall examine the first three methods.

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The Criminal Justice Systems And The United States

The criminal justice systems in Bolivia and the United States have different structures with some similarities. I was born in La Paz Bolivia and we will be taking a look into Bolivia and the U.S’s governmental and criminal justice systems. Bolivia is a republic with a democratic government. The U.S. also has a democratic government. The Napoleonic code (civil code) and Spanish law compose Bolivia’s legal system, whereas the US is based on common law. The U.S. and Bolivia may have their similarities and differences, but one key difference is the instability of the Bolivian nation throughout its history, while the US has shown to be more stable as a nation (except for the civil war). Throughout this paper, we will be comparing and†¦show more content†¦About 60 percent of the population is Indian, about 30 percent are mestizo, and 10 percent are of white descendants (Gamarra 1991). Geographical and regional areas maintain racial and cultural differences. These are as include the Altiplano (high plains) in the Andes, Mountains, the llanos (low lands near the amazon basin), and the Yungas (semitropical valleys). Before we take a look into the historical background of Bolivia, it is important to point out that this nation is amongst the least united countries in the South American continent. The Governmental system in Bolivia can be traced back to the kingdoms of Aymaras and Quechuas. Both of these kingdoms relied on legal systems that were both strong and had sophisticated systems. First, the Aymaras’ government was considered a confederative type of government with communal clans (Ayllus). The Jilacatas ruled these communal clans (Gamarra 1991). Elected officials that led the confederation of communal clans were called Mallkus. Under the Aymaran confederative system, elders that debated topics with regards to the State were called Ulakjas. The Quechua government system had some similarities but was different from that of the Aymara system. For example, in the Quechua kingdom was a monarchical system, where every Ayllu or communal clan had a leader Curaca or also called a Camayoj.

Explain The Features Of Romanticism In Free Essays

Explain the features of Romanticism in architecture. In what ways did this differ from the Classical in terms of both style and philosophy? Romanticism also called The Picturesque Style. Romanticism began in the asses and lasted through the asses, Romanticism is largely a movement that grew out of the lingering effects of the revolt against aristocratic rule that began with the French Revolution (Palmer, 10 Junk 2011). We will write a custom essay sample on Explain The Features Of Romanticism In or any similar topic only for you Order Now This essays will analyses both Romanticism and Classicism differences, it will also analyses the style of Romanticism and begin to explain what is represented by this movement. From this essays, the features of Romanticism will be uncovered. Romanticism was thought to represents strong emotion and expressed spiritual and religious beliefs. Romanticism in art is traditionally understood in terms of its culture context, its philosophical ideas, and it types of sources, while a characterization of its style remains elusive (Palmer, 10 Junk 2011). The period of Romanticism architecture in a not so progressive manner, they believe nature and God had become one, and wisdom, history, and mythical intrigue influenced how people viewed life and inconformity. Romanticism is often associated with allegory. It is as though the pavement has hidden meanings expressing beauty and strangeness. In general, romantic style often using asymmetrical organization and avoid using the geometrical arrangement. The style was very fanciful and truly exaggerated with a wide selection of beautiful designs which include incommoding, paintings and other materials. Despite the fascination of Romantic with nature and the universe and their interest in changing society with their newfound individualism, they liked to remember the beauty of the Gothic style. This nostalgic view of the past grew as their hope for better everything and mystic influences later portrayed in art and literature rated a visual awakening for many. The Romantic architecture setting which aimed to stress the importance of nature with grand castles and extremely decorative towers based upon medieval cathedrals. This architectural style consisted of grandiose and sometimes overwhelming details. Its asymmetrical structure and vertical framings added heights and majestic facades to buildings of all sizes. Gargoyles, circulations, spires, and window frames were added to small churches and public facilities. Buildings during this time represented eccentric natural expression beauty, the bigger and more decorative the better. Romanticism in architecture became very popular, especially with aristocracy, this being the reason why many rich people begun to alter their homes. The most famous is William Beckoned, an English Novelist who was born in Fontanel, Wiltshire (Backwardness. Com, 2014). He was a huge fan of romanticism architecture style. He employed an architect called James Wyatt to design Fontanel Abbey; Fontanel Abbey was a huge 520 acre estate on which a rather eccentric gothic style castle or cathedral was completed in 1807. Fontanel Abbey a country house with a tower 270 feet high (Million, 2011). Besides that, there is another famous Romantic Architecture trademark. It is Walpole Strawberry Hill castle. Horace Walpole, Britain’s first Prime Minister, hired Johann Heimlich Mount built Strawberry Hill to house his vast collection of treasures. In creating Strawberry Hill, Walpole inspired a new fashion for gothic in both architecture and literature (Extraterritoriality. Org. UK, 2014). Horace Walpole mentioned ‘It was built to please my own taste, and in some degree to realism my own visions. Strawberry Hill took many of the decorative elements of exterior medieval Gothic and moved them to the interior of the house (Ross, 2014). There is so many famous architect and designer on Romantic period such as John Nash. Nash were hired by Prince Regent, for ideas on developing the farmland called Marrowbone Park and surrounding areas. After that, Prince Regent asked Nash remodeling Brighton Pavilion into a palace. Nash begin with Indian design, and as work progressed, incorporating further Eastern design elements. The result has been called â€Å"Indian Gothic with a flavor of Chinese† (Hardwood, 1993). Sir Charles Barry, one of the architects of Gothic Revival in England. In 1836, Barry won the contest of designing a new Houses of Parliament building, also called Westminster Palace (Encyclopedia Britannic, 2013). John Risking rebelled against classical architecture and the society of his time in general. Although not bold enough to admit his true opinions true his writings, his studies on medieval architecture became some of the most influential in the rise Gothic building. His most memorable influence was the Oxford Museum of Natural History (Lancaster. C. UK, 2014). In addition, A. W. N Puking, the architect, writer and theorist, had an enormous influence upon architecture and design into the mantic period. His conversion to Catholicism and his advocacy for a ‘correct’ form of Gothic architecture that reflected faith. His publications influenced small churches, cathedrals, and institutions. Furthermore, the Gothic Revival movement could be said to begin in Britain, F rance also experienced an architectural awakening as many Romantics traveled to Paris to search for inspiration. After France’s De Christianization, many looked back to the middle Ages as true Christian era. Thus began a period of preservation of their old buildings in the midst of their Restoration period (Perez. Com, 2014). Prosper Merrier is French dramatist, historian and archaeologist. His pessimistic Romanticism and writings on mysticism, as well as his interest in the unknown made him responsible for the preservation of many Gothic buildings. He is well known as a Gothic architectural inspector (and. Com, 2014). Classicism dates back to 1700 A. D. This particular style was very popular with the Romans and inspired by the Ancient Greeks. Classical buildings are often thought to symbolism architecture of great importance such as town halls, banks or chapels. The classicism architecture represents symmetry, geometry, simplicity, harmony and hemolytic solidity. This is much more different with Romanticism architecture. The detail of the stonework was developed greatly after Romans discovered bricks and concrete which enabled them to customize the aesthetics and properties of their towns and cities (lugubriousness’s. Org. UK, 2014). Classicism can usually be identified by the following characteristics, the posts and lintels which stand proud across the entrance. The Roman arch is also regarded as a primary characteristics of classical architecture, due to efforts by the Roman arches were able to be wider panned and still with stand the weight of the stone and maintaining a strong structure over which an enormous dome acted as roof (Sober, 2014) . There are many examples of classical architecture such as basilica, Amphitheatre and triumph arches. A perfect example of Classicism Architecture would be The Pantheon. The Pantheon is known to be one of the greatest spiritual buildings in the period. The grand entrance is emphasized by the Corinthian capitals used to support the concrete lintel above. This magnificent building incorporates the three main characteristics of classicism; the post, lintel, dome and the archways (dialogues. It, 014). Neo-classicism architecture developed greatly in the late 18th and 19th centuries in Europe and America, it emphasized a return to the Classical period to align the rules and principals of Classicism. Neoclassicism was born out of a rejection of the Rocco and late Baroque style in the middle of 18th century. Neo classicism suggested that man could be perfect nature through science. Neoclassicism has many symmetrical shape, tall columns that rise the full height of the building (Craven, 2014). Symmetrical Neoclassical buildings modeled after classical Greek temples were thought to symbolize principles of Justice and democracy. One of the most influential Founding Fathers, Thomas Jefferson, drew upon Palladian and Classical ideals when he drew architectural plans for the new nation, the United States (Craven, 2014). In both the Classicism and Romanticism style, it is fair to say that both forms and architecture are represent by such a grand scale and detailed stonework as well as being their recognized for their both decorative characteristics(Million, 2011). Moreover, Classicism thought of the world as having a rigid and stern structure, the Romanticism thought of the world as a place to express their ideas and believes. This had cause the style of architecture become so different. Classicism architecture was renowned for the levels of mathematics and science used. Education was the main philosophical for the design reason. Romanticism was played with the unseen, unreal and emotional style of nature and the elements to convey what the architect experienced or felt like expressing Classicism architecture is often built on town halls, banks, temple or chapels but Romanticism architecture is built on churches, cathedrals, and castles (Million, 2011). Again Classicism architecture got three strong characteristics such as the posts and lintels, dome and he arches but Romanticism architecture most common characteristic is its lifting of architectural elements from almost any source. In conclusion, grand changes were made between Classicism and Romanticism architecture. Many changes occurred throughout the design movement in both style and philosophy. The classicism philosophies altered from mathematics, education and symbolic state and the romanticism style represents the expression, drama and emotion with spiritual and religious meaning. Design and style is widely evolved from simplistic symmetrical, geometry to asymmetrical creative and ‘picturesque’ beauty. Bibliography Backwardness. Mom, (2014). The Beckoned Arms I History of William Beckoned, owner of Fontanel Estate, Disturb Wiltshire. How to cite Explain The Features Of Romanticism In, Papers

Business Globalizing Human Resource Management †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Business Globalizing Human Resource Management. Answer: Introduction Human resource management comprises the employment practices and firms work systems embracing a common aspect of the people management. Human resource management encompasses recruitment and selection, training and development, human resource planning, employee performance assessment, payment and reward systems, and most important to align employee development corporate strategies (Sparrow, Brewster, Chung, 2016). International human resource management is all about the relationship between the foreign environment and human resource activities in which the firm operates. Due to the globalization, there is an integration of the economy globally. Competitive advantage as result of the untouched market segment makes companies to expand to their market to the other countries(Bratton Gold, 2012). The determinant of firms performance and competitive advantage depends upon the effectiveness of the human resource management. International human resource management can be termed as a process of acquiring, designating and using human resources in a global company, while trying to maintaining differentiation and integration balance of human resources management activities in other countries. This essay seeks to discuss the international human resource management in relation to the key elements of the HR strategy. The success of the domestic business relies on the human resource management. Human resource managers are responsible for managing a various range of employee. Managers of the internal business, have regular responsibilities with an addition of extra tasks that is unique to the business operation (Sparrow, Brewster, Chung, 2016). International directors responsibilities cover many activities about the employees. One of the crucial responsibilities is staffing on the company employee. Recruiting and training the staff ensures their performance meets the expectation levels, handling and making certain managerial policies meets and conforms to the regulations and laws. International human resource managers manage the employees records, personnels practices and policies, and benefits and compensation(Budhwar Debrah, 2013). Both primary human resources and human resource development are very vital functions; it has undergone evolution for the past decades so that they play the roles of the managing, staffing and training the individuals. Currently, the international human resource is the fastest-growing subsection of human resource as a result of increasing trends in global business activities. Other HR activities include the safety in the workplace, ergonomics, employees assistance, diversity, and spirituality. Business internalization makes the IHRM a valuable tool to grasp a concept of the globalization of the business activities (Sparrow, Brewster, Chung, 2016). There is a vast difference between the domestic management from the global management with the variance of the problems associated with boundary spanning and cultural differences. As the business ventures in the competition globally, the IHRM should be ready for the business corporation challenges (Bratton Gold, 2012). Globalization of the firm requires the IHRM to use appropriate knowledge management and human resources policies considering the cultural differences. Building on the same idea, there is a rapid increase in the global operation and competition. Thus, international HRM should grow insignificant as the international companies grow in the influences and numbers. The primary determinant of the failure or the success in international business is through efficient management of human resources internationally. According to the research, the biggest problems for the foreign firms are the shortage of the global managers. Scholar argues that central practices of the HRM have evolved due to globalization(Sparrow, Brewster, Chung, 2016). Business tends to operate in an international environment that has led to the development of the international HRM.IHRM is management technique used by the managers on a global scale. The primary purpose of the IHRM is to manage human resources at international companies to gives companies opportunities to grow while remaining competitive within its host country. Similar to the HRM, the International HRM comprises the training, development of programs, recruitment, performance appraisals, KPIs, reward schemes and disciplinary procedures (Bratton Gold, 2012). There are three strategies which help the international managers in reducing the complexity of the companys management. The main strategies are global, polycentric and ethnocentric (Bratton Gold, 2012). The polycentric policy is when an organization follows the local human resource practices in its overseas activities. Conversely, an ethnocentric strategy is a method in which group uses the same kind of the human resources overseas as it operates at home (Sparrow, Brewster, Chung, 2016). Finally, global strategy is where an organization tries to implement universal human resources plans for the operations in overseas. In contrast, the international HRM does not fix itself on these strategies; they can do a combination of the two or all strategies. Global strategy selects employees based on the competency and not nationality. The international company combines strategies to come up with global-implemented human resource strategy. As earlier mentioned, the ethnocentric approach is human resource staffing policy that the HR uses in general strategic direction. The manager uses the system to send the employees from the parent country to the overseas host country. For instance where the companies want to set new plant or to train the personnel on the usage of the new system, therefore, the managers can send its team members to the host country (Sparrow, Brewster, Chung, 2016). One of the advantages of sending staff overseas is to gain an extra knowledge and skills which are useful for the senior human resource management. The polycentric policy comprises the promoting and hiring the personnel of the host country to reduce the hiring cost (Sparrow, Brewster, Chung, 2016). Similarly, hiring the employees of the host country will not have an issue with the communication problems and cultural diversity. When the managers use polycentric approach, there is a decline of the home employees going abroad and therefore their role changes to coordination and communication strategic objectives (Bratton Gold, 2012). The company can create the local human resource managers to manage the activities in their own country because of their familiarity in local and business ethics. Hence, the local managers get the autonomy role to develop and implement their management practices for the branch. Egocentric staffing strategy involves promoting and hiring employees depending on the particular region of the location of the organization on the host country (Sparrow, Brewster, Chung, 2016). The approach used in hiring the local employees is useful in important positions. One of the disadvantages of the region-centric staffing is that the international may not hire the host or home employees hence creating the cultural differences in the third country employees. Of utmost importance, IHRM assist in providing a series of the statistics and facts on the population, attitudes of the workforce, how to appraise the employees, life-cycle stages of the firm, and the economic difficulties they are likely to face. And so, the IHRM does not only assist with an ideal situation to expanding globally, but also valuable research on the regular human resources activities (Budhwar Debrah, 2013). As earlier mentioned one of the key advantages of the IHRM is to enable business to become more competitive globally; thus generating a high return on investment. In addition, the companies will increase the public perception of the enterprises for acceptance of the company worldwide. Because of the international trade growing globally, the companies are having their staff members working across the borders to enhance perception and generate revenues for the firm (Sparrow, Brewster, Chung, 2016). Numbers of the companies have expanded internationally and therefore employees work across the globe. However, the IHRM requires developing and improving the IHRM strategies which are also problematic and expensive too. Consequently, the following are the challenges that the IHRM faces and strategies to counter them. Apart from the financial benefits, there are some key issues that internal human resources must address to be successful. The nature of critical issues can come from cultural differences, cross-culture management, and work and diversity cultural differences (Budhwar Debrah, 2013). The following are the strategies on how to counter the challenges of the international human resource management. Cross-cultural management Cross-cultural is the process that target in managing the differences in culture that comes in the company (Budhwar Debrah, 2013). The organization operating globally needs to understand the importance of the balancing the learning differences. Thus, the cross-cultural is one of the key strategies an international human resource manager needs to implement, to acquire a relevant knowledge on the cultural diversity and geographical location. Cross-cultural management provides the ways of managing people and how to work. Every country has a set of the values and philosophies, and is shown in the economies operation (Sparrow, Brewster, Chung, 2016). Values can interrupt on the international human resource in the process of organizing, conducting and delegating tasks to their staff; because values vary from country to another. International HR manager should ensure the HR activities reflect the practices of the host countries. Therefore, HR manager should delegate resources and time in learning the cross-cultural management and cultural diversity of processes. Therefore, IHRM should provide its employees with the following as they move abroad; cultural orientation, environmental briefings, cultural assimilation, field experience, language, and sensitivity training (Bratton Gold, 2012). The differences in the cultural and language will have an impact on the success of HR manager in the negotiation across the global. Language is important as it helps in the preparing the IHRM across the cultural interactions. It is necessary for the IHRM to prepare their staff for the learning cultural values and language, because they vary from one country to another (Budhwar Debrah, 2013). However, there is no certain guideline that employees from the IHRM should consider. The staff members should be clear about the language they choose to communicate. Language and communication can be thought of the set of the values, ideologies, and beliefs which happens in all organization and are brief descriptions of the ways individuals should work in an organization. Language and communication is the key strategy because it influences the way people communicate in any setting (Bratton Gold, 2012). In contrast, the group should share the national culture and correctly understand the languag es spoken in another country.it is vital for the International HRM to delegates the resources and time in making sure all the team can communicate in the international language. The cross-cultural management comprises the cultural diversities like the language spoken, working hours and time zones differences. Cultural diversity Cultural differences can affect the management strategies of an international HRM. Cultural issues such as political views, international labor legislation and international trade unions bodies are important to study in the IHRM activities. For instance, the companies trying to expand across the Spain, they need to know the siesta period, which is habitual for the large number of the Spanish people to sleep during daytime (Budhwar Debrah, 2013). Therefore, it could have impact on the employees hours that they are willing to work and business trading period. International HRM encourages the acceptance; understanding, and level of cultural empathy by making sure the staff learns new cultures which promote the personal knowledge. International HR manager should address the flexible reward system in the business. Incentives are techniques that business uses to attract employees attention to motivate and inspire (Sparrow, Brewster, Chung, 2016). Among the consideration that the IHRM should address is immigration law as they hire the foreign workers, medical requirement and working permit. Through effective IHRM, the reward system can assist the company to control and address cross-cultural problems affecting the workforce (Bratton Gold, 2012). International HR manager should also engage the local managers of the host countries to perform activities such as international relocation, administrative support of the expatriate workers, hosting government relations with various countries, selection of local internal applicant, and training of employees (Bratton Gold, 2012). For the international human resource manager to design an effective reward strategy for the workers, taking their roles in the international requires factors such as; firstly, clearly understanding the allowances for a particular country (Sparrow, Brewster, Chung, 2016). Secondly, knowledge of the customs, environment, employment practices and laws of the foreign countries are necessary. Finally, the familiarity with inflation effect on compensation and the currency relationship are vital. For instance, there is a need to understand the employment-related legislation in the country for the managers to structure the active international reward structure. For example, India has 45 labor laws at a national level and four at the state government level (Budhwar Debrah, 2013). The manager can use a balance sheet approach to draw up an employee compensation package. For the managers to achieve balance in the reward system, the firms should take into account the following; income tax incur red, housing allowances, cost of living allowances, medical, emergency and security cover, relocation benefits, education allowances for expatriate children, and contribution to the pension schemes and savings (Bratton Gold, 2012). Appraisal of the employee in a foreign country is crucial since it identifies employees strengths and weakness; appraisal provides feedback for the firm to improve the human resource planning. Finally, the evaluation shows the obstacles blocking the organization progress and improves communication. Appropriate selection, recruiting and training method in the international HRM is important factors that counter issues relating to the globalization of the business activities that affect HRM.IHRM involves the management of the recruitment process from the home country of the firm and the countries where the company obtain its workforce (Bratton Gold, 2012). The enterprise should adopt a uniform recruitment system to find a skilled employee with right cultural norms and behaviors (Bratton Gold, 2012). Therefore, it will help to have uniformity of goals and objectives with the human resources from one country to another. Both the domestic and IHRM have the recruitment responsibilities, IHRM should have a higher degree of the cultural sensitivity with efficient communication. Training and development Complex in training and development increases as the companies moves internationally. The types of development and training depend on the following factors; cultural expectations of the training, the extent of centralization of management, types of the staff working in the subsidiaries, extent and concentration of the brand so that the suppliers, distributors and employees are aware of the brand image (Sparrow, Brewster, Chung, 2016). Therefore, if it is a polycentric approach, the training will be more local to correspond to the local culture. Conclusion The roles of the IHRM are challenging, complex and quite broader than the domestic human resource management. IHRM involves the internationalizing the standards of the selection, training, recruitment, legality of the employment system, compensation and reward system. Cultural difference and diversity are the common problems challenging IHRM system; it is an also a major issue that the company should take in training its staff in dealing with the broad concept of the human resource management. There are challenges that international HRM should address in international business. Several strategies such as polycentric, ethnocentric and geocentric are critical in dealing with the international HRM hitches. Polycentric policies procedures are used in hiring the local staff within the host country of the firm. Therefore, the companies will adapt to the traditions and customs of the host countries. The local workforce will help in creating awareness and assist the firms to change to the local setting. The other main strategies are the cross-cultural environment which is primary goals in eliminating the cultural conflicts. Similarly, to avoid the cultural conflicts, the firms may use an internal coherence policy approach when dealing with staff members. International HRM should focus on how different international organization manages their employees across the national borders. Geocentric strategies are crucial when reducing the organization overheads. For instance; high operati ng costs arising from employee working permits and managing visa. IHRM can opt to transfer a small percentage of the workers to the other country to share an experience with the rest of other employees. Due to globalization as a result of technology, it helps the organization to reduce the cost by sharing the knowledge and experiences across the host countries. Use of low-cost video conferencing, Skype and interviewing staff internationally, is as a result of globalization. Although the cultural differences are the challenges confronting IHRM system of a company, it is a challenge for the manager in training their managers and executive, in dealing with a human aspect of business globalization. References Bratton, J., Gold, J. (2012). Human resource management: theory and practice. Palgrave Macmillan. Budhwar, P., Debrah, Y. (2013). Human resource management in developing countries. Routledge. Sparrow, P., Brewster, C., Chung, C. (2016). Globalizing human resource management. Routledge.