Karl Marx View on Shame as a Social Emotion - 1312 Words

In Jean-Paul Sartre’s preface to Frantz Fanon’s Wretched of the Earth, he asks of a specific reader, (Europeans who were complicit in, or beneficiaries of, colonialism) to, â€Å"Have the courage to read this book, for in the first place it will make you ashamed, and shame, as Marx said, is a revolutionary sentiment†. Here Sartre must be referring to Karl Marx’s 1843 letter to Arnold Ruge regarding the French revolution. Marx says that the despotic government of Germany ought to cause Germans to feel ashamed. He contends that revolutions are not ‘made by shame’, but that ‘shame is a revolution in itself’ as a ‘kind of anger turned in on itself’. For Marx, shame is thus a social emotion. For the purposes of this essay I will investigate how ‘shame’ as defined by Marx here, is a rather pertinent alternative to the notion of guilt, especially concerning postcolonial discourses. I will also recognise the problematic ways in which postcolonial shame can operate as articulated by Sara Ahmed in Declarations of Whiteness, where she argues that the utterance of shame or guilt is non-performative. The recognition of shame – or shame as a form of recognition – comes with conditions and limits, which I will explore through the writings of black feminist writers such as bell hooks, Toni Morrisson and Audre Lorde. I will begin my investigation of the difference between shame and guilt by looking at the film by Steve McQueen, ‘12 Years a Slave’ a film-adaptation of the 1853 memoirShow MoreRelatedAldous Huxley s Brave New World3277 Words   |  14 Pagesthey decide what people s social rank will be before they are even born. With the idea that there can be â€Å"no stability without social stability,† the World Controllers create a very strict social order (Huxley). This religious image of the controllers as gods is connected to the idea that each person who is hatched is predestined to life in a caste -- a life which is nearly identical to every other person in that particular caste. In creating the genetically designed social order of Brave New WorldRead MoreCritically evaluate the contribution made by sociologists to our understanding of health and illness2889 Words   |  12 Pageshealth and illness Sociology, the study of society and social behaviour of groups, at various levels and from different perspectives, from solid interpretations to generalisations. It can vary from the study of two individuals encounter to the analysis of global social processes. There are three main areas of sociology, social structures such as education, family and social stratification, social systems for example culture and identity and social issues such as the causes of crime and the impact ofRead MoreSociology and Culture Universal Culture1785 Words   |  8 Pagesslaves. HERBERT SPENCER society is like an organism (organismic view) which means society has part that has specific function. EMILE DURKHEIM the behavior of a person must be understood by a context content. Contribution: study of suicide i. frustrated suicide(for women) Ii. Consumated suicide(for men) Iii. Altruistic suicide(for the goodness of society) MAX WEBER people need to know the society. KARL MARX civilization of constant struggle between two classes i. proletariat(laboringRead MoreLenin13422 Words   |  54 PagesSimbirsk, Russian Empire | Died | 21 January 1924(1924-01-21) (aged  53) (stroke) Gorki, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union | Resting place | Lenin s Mausoleum, Moscow, Russian Federation | Nationality | Soviet Russian | Political party | Russian Social Democratic Labour Party Russian Communist Party (bolsheviks) | Spouse(s) | Nadezhda Krupskaya (married 1898–1924) | Profession | Lawyer, revolutionary, politician | Religion | None (atheist) | Signature | | Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (Russian:Read MoreThe, Regeneration And The Poetry Of Wilfred Owen2547 Words   |  11 PagesThe Conflict Theory which has been suggested by Karl Marx emphasizes the role of coercion and power producing social order. It suggests that there is inequality existing as there is great attention paid to class, sexuality and gender as they are seen as the foundation to the most dominate and enduring conflicts in society. This is presented through texts ‘Birdsong’, Regeneration and the poetry of Wilfred Owen. These texts explore and capture the conflict of WW1 as well as the aftermath and theRead More Marjane Satrapis Persepolis3668 Words   |  15 Pagesfour years later because she had been exposed to the luxuries of Europe rather than the tragedies of Iranian war. Throughout her lifestyle transitions, her identity is also greatly impacted; including her political beliefs, taste in music, and her social and political awareness. She often denies her Iranian heritage while in Austria and embraces the punk rock and communistic culture; however, by the end of the piece, she is able to identify with both Iran and her life abroad as she is able to acceptRead MoreCRM 1301 Midterm uOttawa Carolyn Gordon Essay10218 Words   |  41 Pagesthat is severe enough to stop people from committing crimes) and specific (discourage, though punishment, an individual offender from committing another crime in the future) Affirm authority of the Church Social control Rid society of undesirables/deviants Religious Control – More shame than pain The Ducking Stool, Brank, Branding Socially Constructed Problem: The Moral Panic Moral panic: Occurs when a condition, episode, person or group of persons is defined as a threat to societal valuesRead More A Marxist Reading of Native Son Essay4809 Words   |  20 PagesA Marxist Reading of Native Son In the Communist Manifesto Karl Marx states clearly that history is a series of class struggles over the means of production. Whoever controls the means of production also controls society and is able to force their set of ideas and beliefs onto the lower class. The present dominant class ideology is, as it has been since the writing of the United States Constitution, the ideology of the upper-class, Anglo-Saxon male. Obviously, when the framers spoke of equalityRead MoreAmerican Literature11652 Words   |  47 Pagesthrough observation Style: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · novel and short stories are important prefers objective narrator dialogue includes many voices from around the country does not tell the reader how to interpret the story Effect: ï‚ · ï‚ · social realism: aims to change a specific social problem aesthetic realism: art that insists on detailing the world as one sees it Historical Context: ï‚ · Civil War brings demand for a truer type of literature that does not idealize people or places Naturalism periodRead MoreSwami Vivekananda14669 Words   |  59 Pagesreligion. He was the chief disciple of Ramakrishna Paramahamsa and was the founder of Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission. He is considered by many as an icon for his fearless courage, his positive exhortations to the youth, his broad outlook to social problems, and countless lectures and discourses on Vedanta philosophy. Contents | 1 Biography of Swami Vivekananda | 1.1 Birth and Early life | | 1.2 With Ramakrishna | | 1.3 Wanderings in India | | 1.4 In the west | | 1.5 Back in

Essay on Evolution Lab - 751 Words

1. Did the construction of the phylogenetic tree based on the 14 living Caminalcules change the way you would group Caminalcules species in your taxonomic classification (chart)? What does this suggest about classification based on strictly of similarity versus evolutionary relationship? The phylogenetic tree was more of an evolutionary tree. It showed the evolution of the organisms and their ancestors or traits that they branched off of. The chart however just simply organizes and separates the organisms in similarity. The tree did not change the chart, the chart see similarities with structures between the modern day organisms and the tree shows their evolutionary linage. The tree reflected our taxonomic classification. 2. Did your†¦show more content†¦A good example of this would be â€Å"living fossils† like the horseshoe crab or cockroach. Provide an example from your phylogenic tree of evolutionary stasis. Discuss the ecological conditions that might result in this sort of long-term evolutionary stasis. An example of evolutionary stability would be species 13, the species survived more than 13 million years and now is a â€Å"living fossil†. The ability for the species to reproduce and survive in an area means a there is no need for the species to evolve. Unchanging ecological conditions results in this long term stasis. 6. Some Caminalcules went extinct without leaving descendents. In the real world, what characteristic of a species (not of their enivornment) might increase the probability of a species going extinct? The ecological conditions might have changed quickly and the species was not able to adapt to those conditions, which eventually lead the species to go extinct. 7. Find two examples of convergent evolution among the Caminalcules. This means finding cases where two or more species have a similar characteristic that evolved independently in each lineage. The wings of bats, birds and bees is an example of convergence since the three groups did not inherit the characteristic from their common ancestor. Write your answers in complete sentences (e.g. â€Å"Species x and y both have ____ but their most recent common ancestor, z, did not†). The claws of species 3 and 12 (their most recent common ancestor,Show MoreRelatedEvolution Lab Essay594 Words   |  3 Pagesdocument to report your findings from the EvolutionLab Exploration Experiment. The lab report consists of three sections: Data, Exploration, and Lab Summary. Data: copy any data, graphs, charts, or notes that you have saved in your EvolutionLab online notebook into this section. Exploration: Answer the questions. The questions in the Exploration section are the same questions in your EvolutionLab instructions. Lab Summary: Write a 100- to 200-word summary. Data To copy your data from yourRead MoreEssay about Bio 101 Evolution Lab900 Words   |  4 PagesEvolution Lab BIO/101 Pooja Thakur 7-23-12 Evolution Resulting From Natural Selection INTRODUCTION The Evolution Lab simulates environmental situations to determine effects on evolution over periods of time. This lab experiments with the evolution of finches on two different islands over 100, 200, and 300 years. By manipulating parameters that influence natural selection, the effects that natural selection have on the evolution process can be studied. HYPOTHESES †¢ The sizeRead MoreThe Bioinformatics / Molecular Evolution Lab1243 Words   |  5 PagesThe purpose of the Bioinformatics/Molecular Evolution lab is to explore a particular protein given to us by its amino acid sequence. By entering this protein into the Entrez Protein Database in the National Center for Biotechnology Information, and using tools within this database such as Jpred, SMART, and Protoparm, the given protein could be fully analyzed. This experiment was very successful as our particular protein could be identified, and the tools within the NCBI database allowed us to fullyRead MoreEvolution Lab: The Impact of Drought Conditions on a Finchs Beak Size856 Words   |  3 Pagesrelative percentage of the three levels of hardness changes across a rough continuum. Seed hardness would be predicted to increase finch beak size because more force would be needed to crack open the seeds. This would be an example of directed evolution, because drought conditions will favor one extreme of the finch population, those with larger beak sizes. The bell curve would thus shift in favor of larger beaks. Hypothesis: Drought conditions on Darwin Island will increase the prevalence ofRead MoreEvolution And Natural Selection : The Benefits Of Mutation1321 Words   |  6 PagesEvolution and Natural Selection; The benefits of Mutation Areeba Yousuf Introduction Charles Darwin, a naturalist around the 1800’s , discovered the theory of evolution. He discovered this observation of evolution with his voyages around the world. The specific animals that proved Darwin s theory were the finches he discovered in South America, and then found many variations at many different places. He studies these finches in depth and discovered that they were similar yet somehow different;Read MoreDarwin s Theory Of Biological Evolution1347 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Evolution refers to the processes that have transformed life on Earth from its earliest forms to the vast diversity that characterizes it today† (Campbell, 1993). However, a lot of things can change over a period of time. The â€Å"Father of Evolution† who is known as Charles Darwin, developed the theory of biological evolution. This theory has long been debated during and after darwin s time. Biological evolution can be seen through a momentous change in organisms by chang ing of the genetic compositionRead MoreIntelligent Design: An Intelligent Way of Disguising Religion1346 Words   |  6 Pagesand Eve have been apes? Evolutionists say humans evolved from apes, but many religious people cannot swallow the thought. For years, religious people have voiced their unhappiness that schools teach evolution. The Bible says that God put all the plants, animals, and people on this planet, and evolution completely contradicts that. The idea of including creationism in schools has been brought to courts multiple times but with no success. Now the creationists have a new way of presenting it. They disguiseRead MoreSex-Linked Traits Through Meiosis and How It Relates to Genetics.1609 Words   |  7 Pagesexamining the hierarchy that ranges from the fundamentals of cell biology to the physiology of organisms, and the interactions among those organisms in their environment. The topics in this course include cell biology, genetics, molecular biology, evolution, ph ysiology, and ecology. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: †¢ University policies: You must be logged into the studentRead MoreChanges Over A Period Of Time.we1109 Words   |  5 Pages Evolution= Something that changes over a period of time.We can see this more in animals. Fitness= Being physically fit and healthy. For example if gorillas can hit their chest the hardest are the ones that choose their mates first. Natural Selection= Where an organism has to adapt to an environment. They will have to learn to survive and camouflage and who ever survives first has better chances for offspring. Variation= is a change in difference and conditions. Pressure= An organism thatRead MoreGenetic Changes Within The Populations : The Consequences Of Selection1115 Words   |  5 PagesLab Report 1 Genetic Changes in Populations: The Consequences of Selection General Biology II Lab Junyao Li Introduction In this lab, we explore the reason genetic changes happened within a population. We use bean-bag model to simulate allele and genotype frequencies for three generations of deer mice under three different selective regimes. Then, we use the Hardy-Weinberg Principle to assess the selection and evolution experienced by deer mice. The Hardy-Weinberg Principle is one of the most

Can society fully control individuals Free Essays

Although society sets a myriad of rules and regulations that ostensibly circumscribes your actions, it is our choice whether or not to conform to these rules. Convincing examples to demonstrates this founds are found in A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen, To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee and Galileo’s choices of defying norms in the field of science. Nora’s decision to leave Torvald and seek her independence in the play A Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen explicitly demonstrates that, regardless of what society dictates, choices are always present ot the individual. We will write a custom essay sample on Can society fully control individuals? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nora was one of many women who suffered from the male supremacy during the Victorian Era. Her husband, Torvald, would call her demeaning names such as â€Å"squirrel† and â€Å"pet† and expects her to obey every command because society dictates that she should. However, Nora defied her â€Å"social norms† and left Torvald to achieve her independence: an act considered to be unthinkable at the time. Thus demonstrates that decisions are contingent upon individuals, not society. Another example which shows that our choices area solely determined by ourselves is that of Atticus and his decision to defend a black man, Tom Robinson, in To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. Atticus, who lives in a town inhabited by a racist, white community, decided to do what he thinks is right and defended a black man named Tom Robinson, who was spurious accused of raping a white girl. Despite Atticus’s cognizance of the vicious calumny that he will be subjected to by society, he nevertheless made the decision which he considered is right and defended Tom Robinson. This further shows that decision are purely based on the individual. In addition, the fact that decisions of the individual can never be fully controlled by society is shown in the field of science, particularly through Galileo’s choice of having a heliocentric view on the universe. Galileo was a scientist who, after adequate research into the field, maintained that, contrary to what the church and Aristotle believed, the sun is in the center of the universe. At the time, society strongly believed that the earth is the center of the universe and considered every other scientist who said otherwise to be mocking religion and thus deserving punishment. Because of his theory, Galileo was convicted of heresy and consequently sentence to home imprisonment. Surely, it was Galileo’s decision to voice his theory which, rather interestingly, happened to be correct all along! The aforementioned examples are just three a vast number of people who decided to go against society wishes. If anything, these people exemplify the human nature of exploring the unknown, of thinking critical outside the box and of seeking dreams regardless of the perils and obstacles on the way, these are the people who make progress possible; without such individuals, society would be a collection of robots that operate based on norms and that would never be able to think, speak or act out anything that does not fit this â€Å"norm†. Quite simply, it is these people that liberated the oppressed and illuminated the path of knowledge. How to cite Can society fully control individuals?, Papers

The Bat Review Essay Example

The Bat Review Paper Essay on The Bat Funny Detective regional studies, from which we can learn about how well off gays in Australia. On the other side of the world, in Australia, it is the murder of the young Norwegians Inger. Mutilated corpse was found on the rocks a beautiful park, and of the distant and not so warm Norwegian discharged investigator Harry Hall to help the investigation and just unwind. The trip, as well as the genre requires, is not a vacation. As I notice, talk about the mysteries difficult because afraid of inadvertently reveal something significant relating to the intrigue. But a good detective story, namely, such is the debut novel by Jo Nesbà ¸, contains much more than the input data for the investigation, so to talk about -. There First, Jo Nesbà ¸ great game with the text as a material. Almost every character we meet throughout the book tells the story of didactic, often taken from Australian folklore. Each of voiced myths has a hidden meaning. Secondly, Jo Nesbà ¸ willing to entertain the reader, distorting the usual scheme of literary works. So, for example, the investigator Harry Hole, is the main character, throughout the first half of the book does not claim to its rightful place. And even downright supplanted with honorary pedestal Australian partner Andrew Kensington. Fascinating and charming Kensington is so bright and interesting character, Holly, at first, it looks like a gray mouse on his background. Third, it is really Cultural book. The author not only describes in detail the modern Sydney, pandemonium of the natives, white, New Zealand and settled tourists from around the world, but also depicts the Australian outback. Talks about the social problems of modern Australia, the successor to th e white mans burden. Fourth, with love applies to each of his characters. Each has its own history, its own way. Everyone might not mandatory, but accurate, pleasant and pronounced smear in the overall picture. Fifth, if you like stories about the skeletons in the closet, and I love them, this stuff here in bulk. At the main character of their not that car and small truck their skeletons hold on a rolling stock We will write a custom essay sample on The Bat Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Bat Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Bat Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer But, most importantly, what I want to say -. This detective immerses the reader in an incredibly pleasant atmosphere tranquility and peace of mind. It all characters, including villains frank, cause the reader sympathy. Long time since I have not read the works in which for every character to be treated with a warm feeling, and not immediately get the label hero, bastard, dark maelstrom and other. A little later, frank scoundrels appear, and it was then necessary to change the attitude, but it later. Initially, you almost each of the characters want to be on friendly terms. Moreover, this is done on purpose. The answer to the question why the author chooses such an optimistic strategy is the following dialogue: - The question whether Evans White is telling the truth said Harry Andrew turned to make way. tractor -.. Harry, let me share with you an experience of over twenty years, I talk with people who have a variety of motives to lie to me, or to tell the truth from the guilty and the innocent, murderers and pickpockets, with neurotics. and phlegmatic, with a blue-eyed babies and hardened scoundrels, with sociopaths, psychopaths, philanthropist E Andrew tried to find some more examples of -.! Point taken, Andrew -. black and white, they all sat down and told me their stories with the sole purpose -.? to believe them and know what conclusion I came What is impossible to determine when they lie, and when there is no -. In point, Harry! said Andrew -. In the classical detective any self-respecting detective with accuracy determines when a person is lying nonsense.! Human nature dense forest that will never know until the end. Even her mother does not know the innermost secrets of her child . And finally. Not enough space in the book is dedicated to boxing. And, as a skilled boxer, Jo Nesbà ¸ at the end does the reader a good, go ahead with the legs kick. Strike painful . Beat that kind of expected, but missed. The blow, because of which from the lungs out all the air. The blow to the gut. Bravo! Interestingly, and symbolically the name of the book. As we learn from the text, bat (genus of bats) the personification of evil in the sacred mythology of Australian aborigines and you can not argue with the fact that our protagonist is not about. the investigating another police matter, but once again he comes into the fight against evil. PS While driving off other mythological overtones, for me, quite cute animal. Read affair Jo Nesbà ¸

Use of costume and make-up in Edward Scissorhands (mise-en-s essays

Use of costume and make-up in Edward Scissorhands (mise-en-s essays The costume and make-up in Edward Scissorhands is used generate feeling and emotions in the audience. There are stark differences in what Edward wears and looks like and what the humans wear and look like. I think that the costumes are supposed to guide the audience in to thinking what kind of characters the people will turn out to be. I think we are supposed to judge the characters by their look, at first. The humans are dressed in a typical 1950s style. This makes them look very simplistic in their ways, on the outside. The womens clothes are very bright and overly colourful. They are supposed to look very prim and proper. Most of the men are dressed either in work clothes or casual wear, suggesting normality. I think the colours used are supposed to generate the view that the townspeople are all very normal, and everything appears to be alright on the outside. The make-up on the women accents and highlights their look. It is no coincidence that Diane Keatons character is selling make-up, something used to cover up things. The industry she is involved in represents a very materialistic world and perhaps a fickle society. The houses are also very bright and false looking, almost like doll houses. Edward, in contrast, is dressed in dark and dreary clothes. The make-up used on him makes his skin look very pale, very ghostly and pasty. He is very gaunt looking and it gives the appearance of a skull. His clothes are all black, and have buckles on them which is a very gothic look. It is supposed to create the idea that like his appearance, Edward himself is very scary and sinister. It makes the audience wary of him. I think the costume is to be seen as part of Edward himself. This is a prime example of judging a book by its cover. The differences in look are used to highlight the nature of humankind as a whole. The house Edward lives in is very gothic ...

Pope Leo III - Charlemagnes Pope - Pope Saint Leo III

Pope Leo III - Charlemagne's Pope - Pope Saint Leo III Pope Leo III was also known as: Charlemagnes Pope Pope Leo III is noted for: crowning Charlemagne Emperor and establishing the precedent that only the pope could confer the imperial crown. Leo was also physically attacked in the streets of Rome by supporters of his predeccessor. Occupation Role in Society: PopeSaint Places of Residence and Influence: Italy Important Dates: Elected pope: Dec. 26, 795Attacked: April 25, 799Died: June 12, 816 About Pope Leo III: Rather than keeping the papacy independent of secular authorities, Leo deliberately took steps to ally with Charlemagne and his growing empire. Attacked in the streets of Rome by supporters of his predecessors nephew, Leo sought the aid of Charlemagne and eventually crowned him emperor, establishing an important precedent. As pope, Leo was adept in diplomacy and managed to keep his Carolingian allies from exerting any real influence on matters of doctrine. He died in 816. For more about Leo, visit your Guides Concise Biography of Pope Leo III. More Leo III Resources: Concise Biography of Pope Leo IIIImage of Leo crowning Charlemagne Leo III on the Web Pope St. Leo IIIFairly substantial bio by Horace K. Mann at the Catholic Encyclopedia.Pope Saint Leo IIIConcise collection of useful data, heavily hyperlinked, at the Patron Saints Index. Leo III in Print The links below will take you to a site where you can compare prices at booksellers across the web. More in-depth info about the book may be found by clicking on to the books page at one of the online merchants. by Richard P. McBrienby P. G. Maxwell-Stuart Chronological Index Geographical Index Index by Profession, Achievement, or Role in Society

Macroeconomics and Microeconomics - Fair Taxes Essay

Macroeconomics and Microeconomics - Fair Taxes - Essay Example The people of US are fully aware of the deductions made in the name of federal government taxes; they are now facing a new & unique kind of tax, which is being sponsored by 21 members from the house. This unique & novel specie of tax was proposed in the house of Republic of Georgia by John Linder & Rob Woodall by the name of FairTax Act of 2003, which states that the Americans are gifted with a single â€Å"national retail sales tax† in place of all other federal government taxes which include income taxes, capital gains taxes, death taxes, payroll taxes like social security & Medicare taxes etc. This sales tax comes with an amount of 23% of the original cost on all products in their final sale. Thus every American has to pay a 23% more of the original cost of any product in which way they simply get rid of every other sort of tax (FairTax official website 2011). Every American has his/her own reservations & concerns against this bill. None of them is very sure that this act i s actually going to change their lives in terms of betterment or not. They are under the concept of a single but huge kind of tax which is going to cover the rest of all other taxes. On the other hand, Rep. John Linder named it FairTax as according to him, other federally administered taxes were not fairly distributed among the high earners & low earners, while FairTax emphasizes that the more one spends, the more he/she pay the tax (the more one spends the more he/she has to pay in terms of taxation). Hence he made his point clear that high earners will surely spend more as compared to low earners, so the imposed tax will become â€Å"Fair† corresponding to everyone. According to a survey in the year 2009, 43% Americans are in favor of this bill, while 38% of them wanted to settle for the ongoing taxes. Hence overall less than a half population is in favor of the bill which clearly indicates its low level of appreciation & acceptance among the general public. (Boortz & Linde r. 2005). However, for this bill to become a permanent act in US constitution, it has to go a long way. It must be passed by the U.S. House Committee on Ways and Means, both the House and the Senate and then finally signed by the President. In the year 2005, an advisor committee made by President George W. Bush indicated severe concerns regarding this bill. The most important issue was that the federally administered funds like retirement funds or gratuities etc have to be paid from the revenue gained by FairTax, which is very difficult to administer. Many critics also say that this bill would have harmful effects on the economy of the country as the revenue collected by it would be very less than currently enforced taxes, thus the government will either have to reduce its own expenses or else would face a great deficit in budget. Since the investments like exports, business transactions, savings or education tuition expenses would not be taxed as they are not considered to be a fin al consumption; there will be a huge setback for the economy. Hence many economists & advisory & advocacy groups strongly disagree with the idea of implementing FairTax bill as a revenue-neutral act for the government. (Hoagland. 2010). On the other hand, there are economists who are in a great support of this bill as according to them; it will boost US economy in the coming years. By doing some calculations with the rate of FairTax, The Beacon Hill Institute estimated that